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Fructose the starting point
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Exposes standards method for measuring glycation of fructose underestimates it rate. Compared two methods of measuring
glucose fructose glycation products; it occurred for fructose at a 3 fold great rate for formation of carbonyl, and a 15 fold
when using fluorescence intensity.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/105687279400022G
Journal of Diabetes and its Complications Volume 9, Issue 2, April–June 1995, Pages 87-91
Significance of fructose-induced protein oxidation and formation of advanced glycation end product
Abstract
To investigate the significance of fructose-induced protein modification, we examined both fructose-and glucose-induced
protein oxidation and the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGE) in vitro. Albumin incubated in the presence of
100 mM fructose at 37 °C for 1 week showed 5.1-fold and 3.1-fold increases in the content of carbonyl, which is a marker for
oxidized protein, when compared with either control incubated without sugar or with 100 mM glucose. Similarly, the same incubation
with fructose increased the fluorescence intensity over 100-fold and 15-fold formation compared with that of no sugar and
glucose controls, respectively. Both fructose-induced fluorescence and protein oxidation were almost completely suppressed
in the presence of the iron chelator; deferoxamine (100 μM), the hydroxyl radical scavenger; MK-447 (1 mM), or aminoguanidine
(200 mM), which is an inhibitor of AGE formation. In contrast, the fructose-induced formation of fluorescent albumin was potentiated
in the presence of 100 μM FeCl2. This was completely inhibited in the presence of 60 μM or more deferoxamine.
These results suggest that fructose promotes both AGE formation and protein oxidation possibly through the formation of hydroxyl
radicals.
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Harvard Prof. Marcia Angell, MD., former Chief Editor of NEJM wrote: “We certainly are in a health care crisis, ... If we
had set out to design the worst system that we could imagine, we couldn't have imagined one as bad as we have.”
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