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Testosterone is a
word that often brings to mind images of big men, big trucks and gladiator-style football. After all, testosterone is considered
to be the principal male hormone, playing an important role in the development and maintenance of typical masculine characteristics,
such as facial hair, muscle mass and a deeper voice. So why would women want testosterone? The fact is, women produce it too,
and it has more positive influences than you might think.
Carpenter, M.D., is a consultant in endocrinology
and health informatics research at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. He has practiced in endocrinology, with a special interest
in hormone replacement, for 25 years. Here he addresses questions about the role of testosterone in women.
Testosterone is usually thought of as a male
hormone, but women have it, too. How much testosterone do women produce?
Testosterone production is substantially lower in
women than it is in men. After puberty, a woman begins to produce a constant, adult level of testosterone. The production
is split about 50:50 between the ovaries and the adrenal glands. In men, the testes produce testosterone. Women produce just
a fraction of the amount of testosterone each day that men do.
What does testosterone do for women?
Studies show that it helps
maintain muscle and bone and contributes to sex drive, or libido. There are also quality-of-life issues. If you give
testosterone replacement to testosterone-deficient women, they often say they feel better, but they're not specific as to
how.
One of the tough things about research in this area
is what has been measured and what hasn't. Testosterone levels, muscle mass and bone strength have been measured. When testosterone
levels in the blood increase, bone density generally improves. Although a few researchers have attempted to measure changes
in sex drive and overall quality of life, these important effects are much more difficult to assess. A study in the New
England Journal of Medicine evaluated sexuality and quality of life in women with low blood levels of testosterone. After
raising their blood levels of testosterone using a medicated skin patch, health and sexuality seemed to improve.
Which women should have their testosterone levels
checked?
It's a complicated answer. After menopause, testosterone
production drops, but not as sharply as estrogen does. For women who've had their ovaries removed, testosterone production
drops by roughly one-half, sometimes resulting in less-than-normal testosterone blood levels.
Generally, the women who have too little testosterone
are those who may go to their doctor with concerns like, "Ever since I had my ovaries removed, I don't feel like the same
person. I'm not as strong, I don't have as much energy and I don't have the same sex drive." Should we measure testosterone
in all women who've had their ovaries removed? I don't know. If a woman says her sex life has diminished since her hysterectomy,
her doctor may check her testosterone level. If it's low, she can consider testosterone replacement.
Another group at risk of low testosterone is women
who have lost pituitary gland function because of a medical condition or past surgery. The pituitary sends hormone messages
to the adrenal glands and ovaries. Without the pituitary signal, hormones aren't manufactured. These women require estrogen
and cortisone replacement, and they're also testosterone deficient. This isn't a common problem, however.
Why aren't more women being given testosterone
replacement?
It's true that very few women are getting testosterone
replacement. As I've indicated, good studies about deficiency are sparse. Because of that, many doctors aren't yet convinced
of the benefits. In testosterone replacement studies done 15 or 20 years ago, the doses were often too high. As a result,
there were side effects, such as body hair growth and acne.
Another major problem is that we don't have good
product choices to give women because the drug companies don't manufacture many products for testosterone replacement in women.
In the New England Journal of Medicine study mentioned before, researchers tested a skin patch designed for women.
Unfortunately, this patch isn't yet available but may well be in the future. Testosterone patches are available for men, and
there is a testosterone gel they can apply to their skin. But because women would need a much smaller dose, they cannot use
the patches or gels designed for men.
Right now there's really not a good way to replace
testosterone in women. We can use injections, but most women don't want to come in for a shot every 2 or 3 weeks, and the
blood levels are hard to regulate. After an injection, testosterone levels may go up too high, then decline, like a roller
coaster. There's no pure testosterone in pill form either. Synthetic pills are available but tend to be unevenly absorbed
into the body and may pose some risk to the liver. Testosterone delivered through the skin with a patch is absorbed quite
evenly and seems more natural, with less potential for serious side effects. Using patches doesn't appear to be risky as long
as the dose is regulated.
How important is it for women with low testosterone
to have it replaced?
It isn't an imminent health danger per se. However,
think about the older woman with osteoporosis who has fallen and fractured her hip. If her testosterone is low, would replacement
have helped prevent her hip fracture? It's possible. Testosterone has the potential to strengthen her bones. Additionally,
she might have been able to prevent the fall if her muscle mass had been better.
If a postmenopausal woman is on hormone replacement
therapy (HRT), does that affect her need for testosterone?
Yes. Estrogen therapy — with or without progesterone
— can further suppress residual testosterone production by the ovaries. That's because hormone signals from the pituitary
gland drive ovarian hormone production. Taking estrogen partially reduces the pituitary hormone signal to the ovaries and
potentially reduces testosterone production. The pituitary senses there's enough estrogen, so it doesn't send the signal for
more estrogen and testosterone.
What are the side effects of testosterone replacement?
When given in appropriate doses, there are no negative
side effects. Today we can measure blood levels, so it's easier to monitor the dose. Excessive testosterone can cause acne,
body hair growth and scalp hair loss in women. Excessive testosterone supplementation, such as you'll find with anabolic steroids
used by athletes, also tends to drop high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels. That's the "good" cholesterol. Lower
HDL levels increase the risk of heart disease.
What about other androgens, such as dehydroepiandrosterone
(DHEA)?
DHEA is a weak androgen or male hormone. Although
it's true that DHEA levels decline with age, very few well-designed research studies show benefit from replacement. Another
New England Journal of Medicine study says DHEA treatment improves sexual function in women who
have underactive adrenal glands, but not many people are using the supplement for that reason. In addition, many people
are taking DHEA in very large quantities. Again, excessive amounts of synthetic androgens drive down HDL cholesterol levels,
which is considered a cardiovascular risk. People who are ill often have lower-than-normal DHEA or testosterone levels. This
appears to be a normal physiologic response to illness and not the cause of the illness.
By Mayo Clinic staff
WO00019
March
31, 2003
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http://www.maturitas.org/article/S0378-5122%2805%2900005-8/abstract
Maturitas, the European Menopause Journal. Vol 53, Issue 1
pgs 11-18, 10 January 2006
Treatment with percutanous testosterone gel in
postmenopausal women with decreased libido – effects on sexuality and
psychological general well-being
Abstract
Objectives
To elucidate if percutanous treatment with 10 mg testosterone per day
could enhance sexuality and psychological well-being in postmenopausal women
presenting problems with low libido. Secondary to study the influence on blood
lipids, hemoglobin and erythropoietin levels.
Methods
Fifty-three postmenopausal women participated. As a complement to their already
on-going HRT, 10mg of a testosterone gel (Testogel,
Besins–Iscovesco) or placebo was administered. Treatment continued for three
plus three months in a double blind, randomized, crossover design.
Results
The scores concerning “frequency of sexual activity,
orgasm and intercourse”, “sexual arousal, fantasies and enjoyment”,
“satisfaction with orgasms”, and “interest in sex” were all significally
improved for testosterone addition as compared to placebo both before
and after crossover. Testosterone levels increased more than 10-fold during
treatment while DHT-levels were more than doubled. Estrogen levels were not
affected during the addition of testosterone. Liver enzymes, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL and LDL revealed
no significant differences between any of the periods or groups.
Endometrial thickness did not change significantly during treatment. Hemoglobin
and erythropoietin remained unchanged. No significant differences in the number
of experienced side effects were found.
Conclusion
Testosterone gel of 10mg had positive effects on several
aspects of sexual life such as frequency of sexual activity, orgasm, arousal,
fantasies and sexual interest in postmenopausal women on HRT. Several
psychological variables were positively influenced. The given dose resulted in
too high serum levels. Even if no negative effects were observed, monitoring of
serum levels and a decreased dose should be considered in future studies.
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TESTOSTERONE GEL FOR LOSS OF LIBIDO
Gabe Mirkin, M.D.
A study from Australia in the medical
journal, Menopause, shows that Androgel, a gel containing the male hormone, testosterone, improves well-being, mood, and sexual
function in premenopausal women with low libido and low testosterone. As women age, many lose interest in making love and
feel insecure, even though their blood levels of the male hormones testosterone and DHEAS are normal or low. The bodies of
all heathy women produce more of the male hormone, testosterone, than the female hormone, estrogen. Just like men, with aging
women have a significant lowering of their blood testosterone levels, and this lowering of testosterone can cause depression
and loss of muscle strength and sexual desire. Healthy women in their 40's have approximately half the testosterone level
as women in their 20's.
A group of reproductive endocrinologists
classified the symptoms of depression and loss of libido and muscle strength into one syndrome which they called Female Androgen
Insufficiency Syndrome. This syndrome is most common at the menopause and in women who have had their ovaries removed, but
it can occur any time in a woman's life. The commonly-prescribed treatment of estrogen replacement to postmenopausal women
and those who have had their ovaries removed often causes and worsens this syndrome.
The brain produces a hormone called
FSH that causes the ovaries to produce the female hormone, estrogen. Estrogen circulates in the blood and goes to the brain,
where it stops the brain from producing FSH. Without FSH, the ovaries stop making the male hormone, testosterone. Many studies
show that giving estrogen to menopausal women may reduce their sex drive by lowering blood levels of testosterone. A woman's
sexual desire is driven by her body's production of testosterone, not estrogen. Women who have had their ovaries removed suffer
from the same symptoms because the ovaries produce most of the male hormones in a woman's body. So women who suffer from Androgen
Deficiency Syndrome caused by taking estrogen at menopause or by having had their ovaries removed surgically can feel much
better when they take a combination of the two hormones produced by normal ovaries: estrogen and testosterone.
The adrenal glands, located near
the kidneys, also produce a male hormones, called DHEAS. Women who have underactive adrenal glands have low blood levels of
that hormone, and also suffer from Female Androgen Deficiency Syndrome. Their symptoms can be controlled by taking DHEA supplements.
If you are a woman who has even
one of the following symptoms, ask your doctor to test you for lack of male hormones: depression, lack of motivation, loss
of energy, lack of interest in making love, lack of joy in making love, muscle weakness, osteoporosis or weak bones, or vaginal
pain during intercourse. Ask your doctor to draw blood tests for testosterone, the male hormone produced by the ovaries, and
DHEAS, the male hormone produced by the adrenal glands. Even if your blood levels of the male hormones are normal, you could
still try the testosterone cream, Androgel. Too much of the cream can cause masculinizing symptoms, but as long as you do
not exceed 2.5 grams of Androgel each week, you are at low risk for growing hair on your face and body.
1)
Transdermal testosterone therapy improves well-being, mood, and sexual function in premenopausal women. Menopause - the Journal
of the North American Menopause Society, 2003, Vol 10, Iss 5, pp 390-398. R Goldstat, E Briganti, J Tran, R Wolfe, SR Davis.
Davis SR, Jean Hailes Fdn, Res Unit, 173 Carinish Rd, Clayton, Vic 3168, AUSTRALIA.
1a) Androgen production in women.
Fertility and Sterility, 2002, Vol 77, Iss 4, Suppl. 4, pp S3-S5. HG Burger.
2)Aromatization of androgens in women:
current concepts and findings. Fertility and Sterility, 2002, Vol 77, Iss 4, Suppl. 4, pp S6-S10. ER Simpson.
3)Role
of androgens in female genital sexual arousal: receptor expression, structure, and function. Fertility and Sterility, 2002,
Vol 77, Iss 4, Suppl. 4, pp S11-S18. AM Traish, N Kim, K Min, R Munarriz, I Goldstein.
4) Dehydroepiandrosterone:
a springboard hormone for female sexuality. Fertility and Sterility, 2002, Vol 77, Iss 4, Suppl. 4, pp S19-S25. RF Spark.
5) Hormones, mood, sexuality, and the menopausal transition. Fertility and Sterility, 2002, Vol 77, Iss 4, Suppl.
4, pp S42-S48. L Dennerstein, J Randolph, J Taffe, E Dudley, H Burger.
6) Randomized clinical trials of combined estrogen-androgen
preparations: effects on sexual functioning. Fertility and Sterility, 2002, Vol 77, Iss 4, Suppl. 4, pp S49-S54. BB Sherwin.
7) Sexual effects of androgens in women: some theoretical considerations. Fertility and Sterility, 2002, Vol 77, Iss 4, Suppl.
4, pp S55-S59. J Bancroft. 8) Androgen deficiency in the oophorectomized woman. Fertility and Sterility, 2002, Vol 77, Iss
4, Suppl. 4, pp S60-S62. JL Shifren. 9) Androgen deficiency: menopause and estrogen-related factors. Fertility and Sterility,
2002, Vol 77, Iss 4, Suppl. 4, pp S63-S67. PM Sarrel.
10) When to suspect androgen deficiency other than at menopause.
Fertility and Sterility, 2002, Vol 77, Iss 4, Suppl. 4, pp S68-S71. SR Davis.
11) The hypoandrogenic woman: pathophysiologic
overview. Fertility and Sterility, 2002, Vol 77, Iss 4, Suppl. 4, pp S72-S76. GA Bachmann.
12) Estrogen replacement
therapy: effects on the endogenous androgen milieu. Fertility and Sterility, 2002, Vol 77, Iss 4, Suppl. 4, pp. S77-S82. JA
Simon.
13) Female androgen insufficiency: the Princeton consensus statement on definition, classification, and assessment.
Fertility and Sterility, 2002, Vol 77, Iss 4, pp 660-665. G Bachmann, J Bancroft, G Braunstein, H Burger, S Davis, L Dennerstein,
I Goldstein, A Guay, S Leiblum, R Lobo, M Notelovitz, R Rosen, P Sarrel, B Sherwin, J Simon, E Simpson, J Shifren, R Spark,
A Traish.
At drmirkin.com
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2292 -- 9/1/03
POSTMENOPAUSAL TESTOSTERONE INCREASES SEXUALITY
Gabe Mirkin, M.D.
A study from Columbia Medical School
shows that many postmenopausal women who take estrogen replacement have reduced sexual interest and desire, and giving these
women the male hormone, testosterone, significantly increases their interest and desire.
Masculinizing hormones are far more
effective than feminizing hormones in increasing a woman's interest and desire in lovemaking. The brains of normal women produce
hormones called FSH and LH that stimulate the ovaries to produce both male and female hormones. When male and female hormones
rise too high, they prevent the brain from producing the hormones that stimulate the ovaries. So giving postmenopausal women
the female hormone, estrogen, can stop their brains from making FSH which stimulates the ovaries to make masculinizing hormones.
Giving these women both estrogen and testosterone pills markedly elevated their blood levels of masculinizing hormones, and
increased their interest in making love.
0.625
mg of esterified estrogens and 1.25 mg of methyltestosterone testosterone and suppressed SHBG. Scores measuring sexual interest
or desire and frequency of desire increased from baseline with combination treatment and were significantly greater than those
achieved with esterified estrogens alone. Title Comparative effects of oral esterified estrogens with and without methyllestosterone
on endocrine profiles and dimensions of sexual function in postmenopausal women with hypoactive sexual desire. Fertility and
Sterility, 2003, Vol 79, Iss 6, pp 1341-1352. RA Lobo, RC Rosen, HM Yang, B Block, RG VanderHoop. Lobo RA, Columbia Univ Coll
Phys & Surg, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, 622 W 168th St, New York,NY 10032 USA
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1237
-- 9/3/02
FEMALE SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION
Gabe Mirkin, M.D.
According to several research papers,
more than 90 percent of middle-aged women suffer from decreased desire to make love, not being aroused by sexual stimuli,
or inability to climax. An article in the Mayo Clinic Proceedings summarizes the accepted treatment plan for this condition,
called Female Sexual Dysfunction.
Lack of desire is associated with
poor health, overwork, lack of privacy, or failure to be in a caring relationship. It is also associated with depression,
certain medications and drugs, and low blood levels of the male hormone, testosterone. According to the study, 87 percent
of married women claim that they have decreased desire, 83 percent find it very difficult to climax, 74 percent lubricate
poorly, and 71 percent have discomfort on making love.
Every woman who feels that she has
Female Sexual Dysfunction should realize that hundreds of different medications can prevent a woman from having desire or
being able to climax: antihistamines, blood pressure medications, antibiotics, cancer drugs, stomach and intestinal medications,
contraceptives, sleeping pills, antidepressants, alcohol, recreational drugs, and all the antiestrogens such as tamoxifen
and Lupron. It is very common for women to lose interest in making love after they have had their ovaries removed because
a woman's ovaries continue to produce large amounts of male hormones for her entire life. Many women who have had their ovaries
removed require testosterone to increase their sexual desire.
Many products on the market today
are sold to increase sexual desire; they often have some variation of Viagra in their names. Many products claim that they
contain yohimbine that increases sexual desire. Several studies show that yohimbine is not more effective than a placebo,
so nobody should waste money buying products that claim that they contain yohimbine to improve sexual desire or performance.
There is no evidence whatever that
Viagra increases sexual desire in women or in men. Viagra helps a man achieve an erection by increasing blood flow to the
penis. It fills a woman's pelvic organs with blood. Since vaginal secretions come from the bloodstream, Viagra will increase
vaginal secretions, even though it does not increase desire. The common cold medicine called ephedrine also increases vaginal
secretions and can be used to increase lubrication. Prescriptions containing phentolamine can markedly increase vaginal lubrication.
The most common cause of a dry vagina
after stimulation is a vaginal infection that should be treated with the appropriate medication to kill the offending germ,
whether it is herpes, chlamydia, mycoplasma, ureaplasma, gonorrhea, the wart virus, yeast, or intestinal bacteria.
Every women who suffers from decreased
sexual desire, decreased arousal or lack of orgasms should get blood tests for testosterone and DHEAS. Testosterone is the
male hormone produce by the ovaries, and DHEAS is the male hormone produced by the adrenal glands. Testosterone can increase
sexual desire, even in women who have normal or high levels of that hormone.
The majority of women over age 50,
and many under 50, cannot climax with penile-vaginal lovemaking because the vagina is not the source of an orgasm, the clitoris
is. It takes continual and prolonged stimulation of the clitoris for most older women to achieve an orgasm. A vibrator can
provide this stimulation if other techniques are not effective.
Recently, the Food and Drug Administration
of the United States approved a hand-held, battery-operated, device with a small plastic cup that applies a very gently vacuum
to the clitoris. It has been shown to make the clitoris larger temporarily by filling the clitoris with blood. It also increases
vaginal secretions and improves a woman's ability to climax.
Mayo
Clin Proc July,2002.
To receive Dr. Mirkin's
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AARP Bulletin: The love Patch
December 04, Julia M. Klein
Developed by Procter &
Gamble Pharmaceuticals and Watson Pharmaceuticals Inc., the prescription patch, to be sold under the brand name Intinsa.
For now, P&G is asking the
FDA permission to market
Intrinsa only to women who have had their ovaries removed. P&G won’t ask to market Intrinsa to
menopausal women until at least 2006.
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