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Ketogenic
diet (KD) results in insufficient serum glucose for glycolysis, thus forces the cells to produce ATP from other sources mainly
fatty acid, and during starvation amino acids. The KD diet
has been shown to cure obesity, insulin resistance, and type-2 diabetes, and has been used with very positive results in the
treatment of cancer, epilepsy, and type 1-diabetse. For
cancer it first made the modern medical literature in 1883. Galen
(the Greek physician in the Roman Empire whose Latin works formed the foundation for Western medical science) wrote cancer
and KD, “’might
afford a cure in mild cases and be helpful in others’…. The first modern study of fasting as treatment for epilepsy was in France in
1911… The ketogenic diet reduces seizure frequency by more than 50% in half of the patients
who try it and by more than 90% in a third of patients” Wiki. However
pharma being pharma recommends drugs as the first line of treatment, exaggerates the side effects of KD, and considers KD
the last resort, and of course used in addition to their tranquilizers mislabeled anti-seizure drugs. Given
the side effects of recommended doses of Valproate and other “anti-seizure” drugs
the order in treatment guidelines is backwards. Of course one has less seizures with sleeping longer, since seizures don’t
normally occur when sleeping. I have observed in others
the cloud in which those tranquilizers put the patients.[1] Even for those
who seem to tolerate the tranquilizer, this type of drug nearly always significantly lowers the quality of life, and they
are very addicting. KD’s mechanism for epilepsy I
have not researched. The mechanism for cancer starvation turns
upon the fact that most real cancers[2]are dependent upon only glucose for the production of ATP, and not fatty acids. KD
starves the cancer. Unfortunately medical textbooks and
Wikipedia barely broach this form of treatment, though there is an extensive body of journal literature. My
two oncology textbooks have no entries. Otto Warburg, a
giant of medical science, described the metabolic process of cancer growth, called the Warburg
hypothesis Though he considered “the prime cause
of cancer is the replacement of the respiration of oxygen in normal body cells by a fermentation of sugar” [it turns
out that] the metabolic changes are considered to be a result of
these mutations rather than a cause” Wiki. This
is more pharma twaddle, for Warburg, at least by 1956 Otto did not propose this rather he stated that [nearly] all cancers
have defective metabolism, and both treatment and prevent can be achieved through extreme low carb diet and a group of “selective
respiratory enzymes including cytohemin and d-amino-Levulinic. It
is in the financial interest of pharma to stonewall the topic of treating cancer by a ketogenic diet. Thus there are but two
sentences in the Wikipedia KD
article on treating cancer, e.g., “establishing
[KD] clinical trials is probably warranted.” Pharma
KOLs (Key Opinion Leaders provide most of the medical material in Wikipedia. KD
for starving cancer has over 100 related journal articles. It
is one of the two best general cancer treatments.[3] So
why would denying cancer glucose for metabolism starve cancer? Most cancer have severely damaged mitochondria[4] thus are
not able to obtain ATP (the energy molecule) from metabolic processes
which occur only in the mitochondria. This defect in cancer
cells makes them dependent upon just one metabolic source for ATP, that of glucose. Through anaerobic oxidation, [5] The mitochondrial processes for ATP
include metabolism of fatty acids (fats), and of ketone bodies[6] which are derived from fatty acids (fat). Instead of relying upon the mitochondria, metabolism
of glucose occurs through anaerobic process in the cytoplasm[7] of the cancer cells. However,
the cytoplasm cannot metabolize free fatty acids (fats) or ketone bodies.[8] Thus extremely low serum glucose
starves the cancer cells. Normal cells simply use metabolize
fat in the mitochondria to produce the essential ATP molecules.[9] It is thought that the shutting down
of the mitochondria is a necessary adaption by cancer to avoid programmed cell death (apoptosis).[10] Cancer requires lots of ATP for to
power the chemical reactions that produce a new cancer cell during mitosis (cell division), from 8 to 200 times the amount
of mitochondrial aerobic glucose—depending on how
rapidly the cancer is growing. For the above reasons starving
cancer is a safe and effective way to prolong life without major side effects, and in some cases to cure metastatic cancer. Adaption to low carb diet: As prior stated other tissues switch to the utilization of FFAs (free fatty
acids, the transport form of triglycerides). Once adaption
to KD occurs, after about 3 days (see table below) bodily function mental and physical are at or above their levels of a carb-rich
diet. Three super-stars of basketball (Kobe Bryant, James
Le Barron, and Carmel Anthony) are on a low carb diet. However,
the nervous system is normally dependent on aerobic glucose metabolism, and it switches to ketone metabolism while the other
tissues increase the metabolism of FFAs , at p 6. The
body is adapted to this diet. This is not surprising, for
example those in the extreme northern climates lack for nearly the entire year sources of carbs, except for a small amount
of glycogen found in meats. Stages of starvation | Physiological description | | Time period | 1 | Gastrointestinal absorption | | <1 | 2 | Glycogenolysis | | <2 | 3 | Gluconeogenesis | | >2 | 4 | Ketosis | | >3 | 5 (prolonged) | Decreased gluconeogenesis and increased cerebral ketone consumption | | >14 |
Table 1. The
five stages of starvation from the time of last ingestion (reprinted from Cahill, 1983, page 2). So what have been the clinical results? “Niakan (2010) concluded that over 1,000 similar spontaneous remissions
are most likely due to hypoglycemia and hypoxia [lack of oxygen] (arguably a direct consequence of the hypoglycemia). Preclinical animal studies demonstrate promising results by cutting cancer's
nutrient supply (Mukherjee et al., 2002, 2004; Zhou et al., 2007; Otto et al., 2008; Mavropoulos et al., 2009; Shelton et
al., 2010; Stafford et al., 2010; De Lorenzo et al., 2011; Sivananthan, 2013; Jiang and Wang, 2013)” Cornell U. 2014” Kapelner 2014. Clinical
trials on cancer patients have two hurdles that of ethics review boards which must approve the trial, and that of funding. Both are significant because of the university profitable alliance with
pharma, and pharma is unwilling to put cancer patients before profits. The
only clinical trial was too small, the patient too near death, and the funding too limited to be considered as resolving the
question of benefits. Out of 16 terminal patients, only
2 were able to follow the dietary protocols for the 12 weeks of trial, and 7 had moderate dietary compliance. Of the 7 who
failed to comply, 2 had impaired food intake, 2 died, and the rest were too ill to follow the diet. This
contrast very significantly with intractable epileptic patience, they have very good compliance in clinical trials.[11] More positive is the treating of
2 pre-teens in 1993 with advanced brain cancer. Compliance and response were excellent. One
is still alive 10 years later. All road point to the origin and progression of cancer pass through the mitochondria,
and the hallmark of cancer is malfunction in oxidative phosphorylation to varying degrees (Seyfied et al. 2014). This implies that cancer cells do not have access to non-glycolytic fuels
that demand full oxidative combustion in the Krebs cycle, namely fatty acids and the ketone bodies beta-hydroxybutyrate. So what has the results of starving cancer? ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Wikipedia Ketosis /kɨˈtoʊsɨs/ is a metabolic state
where most of the body's energy supply comes from ketone
bodies in the blood, in contrast
to a state of glycolysis where blood
glucose provides most of the
energy. It is characterised by serum concentrations of
ketone bodies over 0.5 millimolar, with low and stable levels of insulin and blood glucose.[1][2] In glycolysis, higher levels of insulin promote storage
of body fat and block release of fat from adipose tissues, while in ketosis, fat reserves are readily released and consumed..[5][7] For this reason, ketosis is sometimes referred to as the body's "fat burning" mode.[8] … If the diet is changed from one that is high in carbohydrates to one that does not provide sufficient carbohydrate
to replenish glycogen stores, the body goes through a set of stages to enter ketosis. During the initial stages of this process,
blood glucose levels are maintained through gluconeogenesis, and
the adult brain does not [normally] burn ketones [the blood level is
0.01 mmol/L, but during ketoses it is 2.5 to 9.7mmol/L]. However,
the brain makes immediate use of ketones for lipid synthesis in the brain. After
about 48 hours of this process, the brain starts burning ketones in order to more directly use the energy from the fat stores
that are being depended upon, and to reserve the glucose only for its absolute needs, thus avoiding the depletion of the body's
protein store in the muscles.[14] Ketosis is deliberately induced by use
of a ketogenic diet as a medical intervention in cases of intractable epilepsy. .[12] Other
uses of low-carbohydrate
diets remain controversial.[15][16] Induced ketosis or low-carbohydrate diet terms have very
wide interpretation. Therefore, Stephen S. Phinney and Jeff S. Volek coined the term "nutritional ketosis" to avoid the confusion.[17] Carbohydrate deprivation
to the point of ketosis has been argued both to have negative[18] and positive effects
on health.[19][20] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketosis Less than 30 grams of
carbs per day, insulin upregulates the insulin like growth fact IGF1 … enzymes which stimulate cancer growth, protein
storage, cellular absorption of glucose, and a potent inhibitor of programmed cell death
[1] Three close friends of mine were given these drugs following brain trauma, though they never had a seizure. They all suffered major cognitive decline. Drew
was “wacked out” for 15 years before she weaned herself, contrary to physician’s concerns. One was 2-years later diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease and given
more drugs. That same patient now has schizophrenic episodes
and he is addicted. When his wife, after Andy was drugged
for 2 years, tried to cut the dose in half, he became aggressive and abusive. [2] In an effort to expand the market treatment guidelines blur the distinction between small benign tumor
and cancer to produce treatments for tumors wont progress to cancer if not treated. Thus
the number breast and prostate cancers go up and the death rate down based upon a sharp rise is stage 1 cancers. This has been exposed and criticized in prestigious medical journals, but
little has changed. The harm done by aggressive treatment
of benign tumors for these cancers I estimate shortens lives an average of 4 years. Blocking
testosterone and estradiol common in treatment is part of the cause, and the poison of chemo the other. [3] A second
very effective cancer treatment is aspirin in a high dose, a large population study of nurses done by Harvard University found
that those who take aspirin regular, if they got breast cancer stage I, II, or III, they had a mere 36% chance of it progressing
to the deadly metastatic form of breast cancer when compared to those nurses who didn’t take aspirin. Aspirin stimulates a couple of the body’s defenses against cancer—with
links on the mechanisms. Undoubtedly there
are other pharma-buried prospects. [4] “Cancer cells are characterized by increased
glycolysis and reduced mitochondrial respiratory function. In the past decade [since 1924, Warburg supra], somatic mitochondrial DNA alterations are found
to be common in all types of cancers…. Here we review
the accumulating evidence that altered cancer mitochondria affect the respiratory chain function and oncogenic properties in vitro and in vivo using cybrid technologies.” at
2010. See
also Dr. Thomas
Seyfried, Cancer as metabolic Disease, Wiley & Sons 2012. And, “glucose is the predominant energy substrate for
most cancers (Gullino et al 1967). [5] Evidence suggests that abnormal cells--
including pre-cancerous cells--undergo programmed cell death (apoptosis) which in some not clarified way involves the mitochondria. Thus the precancerous cells which shut down the mitochondria avoid apoptosis,
and thus can rapidly reproduce. In this ways they become
the most common cell in the neoplasm (tumor). In so doing
these tumor cells rely upon the last remaining metabolic
mechanism which occurs in the cytoplasm for production of ATP. [6] Ketone bodies are
three water-soluble molecules that are produced by the liver from fatty acids during periods of low food intake
(fasting) or carbohydrate
restriction for cells of the body to use as energy instead of glucose. The\main ones are beta-hydroxybutric acid and acetoacetic acid which during
metabolism results in the production of acetone (a ketone) that is excreted. Measure
of excreted or serum level of acetone is used to measure the effectiveness of KD. Ketone
bodies are picked up by cells and converted to acetyl-CoA which then enters in the cell into the citric acid cycle that produces
the energy molecule ATP. [7] Cytoplasm is the gel-like substance outside
the nucleus and mitochondrion in which most cellular activities occur. [8] , Another uncommon source occurs during a period of prolonged starvation with low fat reserves. Ketone
bodies are derived from amino acids (the building blocks of proteins), which results in loss of muscle. Without
carbs and fat, muscle is metabolized. [9] The exception is nerve cells which depend upon
glucose (like that of cancer cells). The body however, [10] Every cell in the body with a nucleus
(red blood cells don’t have a nucleus) has a mechanism by which when they become defective can self-destruct, such as
when they harbor pathogenic bacteria and viruses or are damage by trauma including those caused by carcinogens and radiation. Apoptosis is one way of reducing the risk of developing cancer by the self-destruction
of abnormal cells. [11] KD for
intractable epileptic patience results in a major reduction in seizures fin 60%, with 27% have a 90% or greater reduction. KD has been used as a treatment alternative for over 90 years--though it
should be first choice. Anti-seizure drugs are major tranquilizers
which lower the quality of life, and have minimal effectiveness. | |
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