In 2011 having realized that scientific fraud was the norm for industry funded work and their key opinion leaders (KOLs), I restarted a new grouping of articles.  Four key areas are bad drugs, medical myths, the harm done by the Western diet, and what to do about it.   All those with a “/r” (for “recommended”) have been posted since 2011.

Google internal search engine ABOVE & BELOW -- please use

MEDICAL LINKS

This site is one of 3 sites maintained by California Skeptics

All with cool art and informative articles   8/3/18

#31 TABLE OF CONTENTS healthfully, over 1,200 pages downloaded per day.

#7  TABLE OF CONTENTS skeptically, over 8,000 pages downloaded per day.

#201 TABLE OF CONTENTS CURRENT NEWS , over 900 pages downloaded per day

#209 THE ARTISTS

# 180 RECOMMENDED WESTERN DIET PANDEMIC, high fructose diet and its conditions—proofs 

#158   RECOMMENDED GATEWAY PAGE  Gateway to the research on pharma and health

#152 RECOMMENDED--CONCISE Bad drugs, good drugs, treatments & supplements,  

#161  RECOMMENDED HEALTHFUL Improving health including diet and nutritional science

#185  RECOMMENDED FRUCTOSE PAMDEMIC BOOK  fructose makes us sick book in preparation

#157 Video documentaries, mostly YouTube Healthful diet, bad pharma, GMOs etc. with description

BUSINESS PROBLEMS:  recommended section since 2010

BAD PHARMA & THEIR TOBACCO SCIENCE

#158  RECOMMENDED GATEWAY PAGE  /rg

#152  RECOMMENDED--CONCISE  /rc Drugs to avoid and take

#182  RECOMMEND ED MYTH BUSTERS   /rmb  on LSP and CAWD before book

#159  RECOMMENDED--LONG   /rl  Topics developed

#160  RECOMMENDED EXPOSING PHARMA   /rep Profits before people

#156  RECOMMENDEDS NON-TECHNICAL SUMMATIONS  /rns Simple info and advice

#176  RECOMMENDED CANCER, STARVING DIET, MACROPHAGEs  /rcdm Cause and starving cancer

#157  RECOMMENDED MORE BAD PHARMA /rmbp More profits before people

#173  RECOMMENDED HEART ISSUES   /rhi

#169  RECOMMENDED HEART CARDIOVASCULAR ISSUES  /rja

#170 RECOMMENDED MORE JOURNAL ARTICLES   /rmja

#166  RECOMMENDED CRITICS      /critics   Those who expose bad pharma

DIETARY & DIABETES

#161  RECOMMENDED HEALTHFUL /rh Nutrition in depth, diet myths, plus diets, video links, etc.

#167  RECOMMENDED ARTICLES ON DIET AND FOODS /radf   

#168  RECOMMENDED ARTICLES ON DIETARY ISSUES /radi   

#175  RECOMMENDED DIETARY TOPICS BY JK   /rjk 

#177  RECOMMENDED NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES, KETONES   /rndk  

#174  RECOMMENDED DIET TESTIMONIALS   /rdt

#172  RECOMMENDED DIET JOURNAL ARTICLES   /dja

 #178   RECOMMENDED DIABETES   /rt2d

#179  RECOMMENDED WELLNESS CLASS     /rcdm

BOOK MATERIAL:  MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION & FRUCTOSE

#180  RECOMMENDED WESTERN DIET PANDEMIC    /rmb

#181  RECOMMENDED URIC ACID’S ROLE    /rpc

#182  RECOMMENDED LOW SUGAR POPULATIONS   /rlsp

#183  RECOMMENDED FRUCTOSE, POLYOL PATHWAY, OSMOTIC    /rfpo

#184  RECOMMENDED COLLAGEN AND ASCORBATE (VITAMIN C)   /rca

#185  RECOMMENDED FRUCTOSE PAMDEMIC BOOK  /rfpb

#186  RECOMMENDED GLYCATION END-PRODUCTS, ROS    /rgep

#187  RECOMMENDED MITOCHONDRIAL ARTICLES    /rma

#188  RECOMMENDED FATS (LIPIDS)     /rfl

#189  RECOMMENDED INSULIN RESISTANCE    /rir

#190  RECOMMENDED DIABETES INSULIN RESISTANCE   /rdi

#191  RECOMMENDED LONGER ARTICLE  /rla

#192  RECOMMENDED METABOLIC BASICS EXPLAINED  /rmbe

#193  RECOMMENDED MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION  /rmtdd

#194  RECOMMENDED WESTERN DIET DISEASES  /rla

#195  RECOMMENDED RELATED ARTICLESE  /rra

GENERAL INFORMATION:

#31 INDEX  

#35   HEALTH

#36   WOMEN'S MEDICAL ISSUES

#45   MALE HORMONE REPLACEMENT

#148  FEMALE HORMONE REPLACEMENT

#171  SEX

#154  FOOD

#50   ASPIRIN THE BEST NSAID

#133  THE HEART

#144  HEART MEDICATIONS & TREATMENTS  

#44    ON CANCER

#139  CANCER VARIOUS TISSUES 

#155 CANCER TREATMENTS

#165. CONDITIONS & TREATMENTS

#49    TOBACCO

#131   LONGEVITY

#143  OBESITY

#46    MEDICAL SCIENCE

#47    MEDICAL NEWS

#48    DRUGS AND CONDITIONS

#140   HEALTH & BODY

#138   DISEASES

#142   GERIATRIC PROBLEMS

#149  PSYCHIATRIC DRUGS

#163 NATURALISTIC TREATMENTS (positive)

#153 EFFECTIVE DRUGS

MISCELLANEOUS:   

#1 ENLIGHTENMENT

#32 HOME 

#37   BIOGRAPHICAL

#38   LINKS ELSEWHERE

#33  PROSE SATIRE

#34  RHYMED POEMS

#39  RHYMED POEMS ROMANTIC

#40  RHYMED POEMS MELONCHOLY

#42  RHYMED POEMS SOCIAL MESSAGE

#43  RHYMED POEMS SATIRE

#209 THE ARTISTS

#210 SHORT STORY, ETC.

e-mail to thinker@skeptically.org

Urea serves an important role in the metabolism of nitrogen-containing compounds by animals and is the main nitrogen-containing substance in the urine of mammals. It is a colorless, odorless solid, highly soluble in water, and practically non-toxic (LD₅₀ is 15 g/kg for rats). Dissolved in water, it is neither acidic nor alkaline. The body uses it in many processes, most notably nitrogen excretion. The liver forms it by combining two ammonia molecules (NH₃) with a carbon dioxide(CO₂) molecule in the urea cycle. Urea is widely used in fertilizers as a source of nitrogen and is an important raw material for the chemical industry.

      UREA                                 URIC ACID  (a hydrogen is lost from a nitrogen on position 3 or 9)

The blood urea nitrogen (BUN) test is a measure of the amount of nitrogen in the blood that comes from urea. It is used as a marker of renal function, though it is inferior to other markers such as creatinine because blood urea levels are influenced by other factors such as diet and dehydration.^[14]

. 

Uric acid is a heterocyclic compound of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen with the formulaC₅H₄N₄O₃. It forms ions and salts known as urates and acid urates, such as ammonium acid urate. Uric acid is a product of the metabolic breakdown of purine nucleotides, and it is a normal component of urine. High blood concentrations of uric acid can lead to gout and are associated with other medical conditions including diabetes and the formation of ammonium acid urate kidney stones.

In humans and higher primates, uric acid (actually hydrogen urate ion) is the final oxidation (breakdown) product of purine metabolism and is excreted in urine. In most other mammals, the enzyme uricase further oxidizes uric acid to allantoin.^[12] The loss of uricase in higher primates parallels the similar loss of the ability to synthesize ascorbic acid, leading to the suggestion that urate may partially substitute for ascorbate in such species.^[13] Both uric acid and ascorbic acid are strong reducing agents (electron donors) and potent antioxidants. In humans, over half the antioxidant capacity of blood plasma comes from hydrogen urate ion.^[14]

The normal concentration range of uric acid (or hydrogen urate ion) in human blood is 25 to 80 mg/L for men and 15 to 60 mg/L for women^[15] (but see below for slightly different values). An individual can have serum values as high as 96 mg/L and not have gout.^[16] In humans, about 70% of daily uric acid disposal occurs via the kidneys, and in 5–25% of humans, impaired renal (kidney) excretion leads to hyperuricemia.^[17] Normal excretion of uric acid in the urine is 250 to 750 mg per day (concentration of 250 to 750 mg/L if one litre of urine is produced per day — higher than the solubility of uric acid because it is in the form of dissolved acid urates). 

Wikipedia