Aspirin (ASA, acetylsalicylic acid) (7/17/16) http://healthfully.org/rc/id3.html,
on aspirin http://healthfully.org/aspirin/,
/nsaids
Reduces risk for cancer of Breast 39%, Colorectal 63%,
Esophageal 73%, Hodgkin’s Lymphoma 60%, Ovarian 47%, Melanoma 55%, Prostate
39%, Stomach 62%, and
other cancers including Bladder, Skin, Gastric & Leukemia.
Aspirin increases survival of stages
I, II, & III cancers: Breast 66%, Colon by 74%, and by
extension all adenocarcinomas. Aspirin reduces
the risk of Alzheimer’s
Disease 60%, and
Heart Attacks 51%, and
its anti-inflammatory action inhibits atherogenesis thus CVD; 350 mg or more, not low dose, see below.
Summaries
of ASA
on cancer protection and on atherosclerosis protection
Why doesn’t
everyone know of these
benefits and doctors recommend a 325 mgs of aspirin daily? The short answer
is corporatization of medicine. The perception in the press is the opposite
of the truth, a truth which was succinctly stated by Harvard Prof. Marcia Angell, MD.: “If we had set out to design the
worst system
that we could imagine, we couldn’t have imagined on as bad as we have” her video. The list of benefits from taking aspirin
(acetic salicylic acid) long-term is in the next section. These benefits explain
pharma’s multifaceted
attack, which includes use of too low a dose
(85 mg), coated aspirin which takes hours to dissolve, scare about ulcers
& Reyes syndrome (bottom for rebuttals). We
have tobacco science
generated by pharma. However aspirin in
its bioactive form of salicylic acid is found in plants as part for its immune
function. Given its wide distribution in
plants mammals have evolved similar and other healthful uses, and they/us even
biosynthesize the molecule—click
on link. Find out below why aspirin clearly
should be your first choice.
The recorded history of aspirin starts with the
ancient Egyptians. The Greeks used an
extract of willow bark and leaves which contain the plant hormone salicylic
acid. “Salicylic acid (SA) plays
a key role in the establishment of resistance to microbial pathogens in many
plants” at. (ASA is rapidly hydrolyzed in the
stomach to salicylic acid, its active form.) Hippocrates, the Greek physician,
420 BC
wrote of its use to relieve pain & fever.
The Romans Pliny the Elder, and later Galen added its use as skin ulcer
treatment. The drug remained thereafter
in the European pharmacopeia, and became widely used to treat malaria by the 1760s.
In 1853 a German chemist modified bitter
salicylic acid (SA) to the less caustic ASA by adding an acetate
group, and in 1899 the German dye and drug company Bayer marketed it as
aspirin.
“For almost 100 years the salicylates [aspirin
family of drugs] have retained their preeminent position” Goodman and Gilman Pharmacology,
11th Ed, 2006, p. 692. “It
is the standard against which all rheumatoid arthritis medication should be
measured” supra 690. 3.5 gram is the
recommended dose--Merck Manual 1987, p. 960, and same in earlier editions. In
1958 production peaked at 20,000 tons (3
lb. per person). In the late 50s aspirin’s
share of sales fell to the heavily-marketed newer NSAIDs. Following the 1973
discovery that aspirin reduces the incidence of heart attacks (MIs) by
reducing blood clotting (thrombi) that completes occlusion of a coronary
artery when plaque is leaked. By the
1980s it regained its number 1 position, but too low a dose for prevent of
cancer, CVD, etc. “Even at 1300 mg/d, [long-term] 8% of subjects
were resistant” AHA to its anticoagulant action (MI
protection). Its biological
half-life is dose dependent---2-3 hours for low dose and up to 15-30 hours for
large doses. About 50 to 80% of aspirin is bound to albumin protein, while the
rest remains in active, ionized state.
From 80 to 100% is excreted in the urine, sweat, saliva, and feces. It has now slipped to 6th,
and on my bottle are 15 lines of FDA warnings for stomach bleeding and in
children Reyes syndrome. Is the old
wisdom and research false? Or is it another
example of tobacco science used to promote illnesses?
Pharma had by late 1980s gained control of research
and production of information. Aspirin the drug of choice by your parents and
grandparents was “shown” to be unsafe in published tobacco studies. Pharma drummed into the publics and physicians’
heads that aspirin is ineffective & frequently causes stomach bleeds,
ulcers, and Reyes Syndrome in children.
However, as Goodman and Gilman supra 690, “many clinicians favor the use
of other NSAIDs perceived to have better gastrointestinal tolerability, even
though this perception remains unproven by convincing clinical trials”—ASA's
low rate. As for Reyes syndrome,
diagnosis was based on symptoms. “Between 1980 and 1997, the
number of reported
cases of Reye’s syndrome decreased from 555 cases in 1980 to about 2 cases per
year since 1994… when genetic testing for inborn errors of metabolism…” Moreover
a mechanism of cause is lacking: “in 93%
of the cases a viral infection had occurred in the preceding three-week
period… and no animal model of Reye’s syndrome has been developed with aspirin”
Wiki 2008. And
only 55% salicylate detected, 73% viral infection, yet the FDA’s warning
remains on bottles of aspirin against its usage for those under 19, plus gastro-intestinal
irritation and bleeding, thus getting parents and their children onto other
NSAIDs, all of which increase the risk of MIs and lack protections listed
below. The rise in heart attacks,
arthritis, Alzheimer’s disease, ALS, Parkinson’s, and cancer in part results from
the reduction in the use of aspirin (other cause high carb diet). Nearly everyone dies earlier thanks to
pharma’s corporate tobacco ethics.
All NSAIDs
(but aspirin) long-term greatly increases risk of MI--American
Heart association warning also
in journal sources by
causing cardiovascular disease through inhibition of COX-2; but only high dose aspirin
protects--by 50%.
Age related
diseases , main
cause is glycation, “of exposure to sugars”, see AEGs. “Aspirin has been shown to be a powerful
inhibitor of post-Amadori Maillard reactions” at
2001. This article describes how
aspirin protects the ubiquitous collagen (connective tissue) from damage by
reactive chemicals produced from the metabolism of carbohydrates in the
destructive process of glycation (Maillard reaction), also.
ALZHEIMER’S &
ALS reduced 60% by COX-2 inhibition--Neurology, 997; 48:
626-632. Swedish
twin matching study shows low dose and other NSAIDs don’t, and Parkinson
56%. Note: testosterone
and estradiol also greatly reduce
risk. Chronic use of aspirin inhibits
beta amyloid-aggregation [the physical sign of Alzheimer’s], at
2001.
Antioxidant
effects: Salicylic
acid’s [SA, active form of aspirin] immune action is through “catalase a common enzyme
found in nearly all living organisms exposed to oxygen…. It is a very important enzyme in protecting the
cell from oxidative damage by reactive
oxygen species (ROS)… one
catalase molecule can convert approximately 5 million molecules of hydrogen
peroxide to water and oxygen each second… also catalyze various metabolites and
toxins,” Wiki. “SA could also
protect plant and mammalian
catalases against inactivation by H2O2 in
vitro “, at. ROS are the
major cause of age related degenerative diseases. For example SA
protect fibrinogen. “In cultured endothelial
cells derived from
human umbilical vein, aspirin (30–300 μM) increased heme oxygenase-1
(HO-1) protein levels in a concentration-dependent fashion up to fivefold over
basal levels…. Pretreatment with aspirin or bilirubin at low micro-molar
concentrations protected endothelial
cells [on endothelial damage
and Wiki]] from
hydrogen peroxide-mediated toxicity…./ a novel mechanism by which aspirin
prevents cellular injury under inflammatory conditions and in cardiovascular
disease.” at
2003. This effect was not
demonstrated with other NSAIDs. “The potent antioxidant
property of gentisic acid [ASA metabolite] may partly account for
the anti-atherogenic effects of aspirin”, at
2005. This affects has shown to
protect numerous tissues/organs such as eye lens, preventing cataracts at 1988. Aspirin protects
against the reactive oxygen species produced by sugars and their metabolites (a
process known as glycation)
Anti-inflammatory
effect is
“not by direct inhibition of COX like most other non-steroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs
(NSAIDs) but
instead by suppression of the expression of the enzyme (via a yet-unelucidated mechanism)”
Wiki,
thus unlike the other NSAID which
increase the risk of heart attack by 50% or more, aspirin lowers the risk, “These
findings provide direct in vivo evidence for an anti-inflammatory action for
both aspirin-triggered LXA4 and LXA4 stable
analogues and their site of
action in vivo, at
1987. Aspirin attenuates beta-caternin/TCF 4 signaling, at 2001. Note, Peter
Gotzsche
expresses doubt of NSAIDs ability
to reduce inflammation, and this is supported by measure of finger diameter.
Atherogenesis slowed:
“strong evidence that atherosclerosis is slowed down in a dose term” by 47%, and stopped.
Mechanisms: By NO endothelial cells oxidative damage,
inhibits leukocyte
attacks, cytokinies, CD36,
FFA & diabetes. For papers on developing the use of aspirin
for atherosclerosis and for cancer, and limited value of chemotherapy.
BREAST CANCER SURVIVAL
(long),
UP 67% compared to no aspirin use stages 1-3; by necrosis factor TNF,
and.
Mechanism: COX-2 which increases
prostaglandin which correlates to metastasis and carcinogenesis, which aspirin
blocks.
CANCERS
VARIOUS TISSUES RISK: reduction
of “63%
colon, 39% breast, 36% lung, and 39% prostate cancer. Significant
risk reductions were also observed for esophageal 73%, stomach 62%, and ovarian
cancer 47%” also. Epidemiologic studies of malignant melanoma,
Hodgkin's disease, and adult leukemia also found that NSAIDs are protective; melanoma 55%. Other studies have
shown that aspirin promotes the death of abnormal cells through the
natural mechanism of apoptosis by stimulating tumor necrosis
factor NF-B,
by p38
& JNK, mechanism. Long term, but low dose
is insufficient.
Diabetes
treatment of type 2 (T2D)
with high dose aspirin or other salicylates has a positive effect upon obesity
and diet induced insulin
resistance; thus by improving the function of insulin it lowers serum glucose
level through improved in glucose
metabolism. Going back over a
century salicylates (aspirins) were used to treat T2D. Noting that “rheumatic fever and diabetes
rarely coexist,… an intensive 2-week course of aspirin [5 gm daily] abolished
glycosuria and lowered the fasting blood sugar to normal… to moderately
severe diabetics” BMJ-1953
also 2001, and review. On low carb diet to treat T2D and treat
non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and reverse Insulin
resistance—see diet articles
at id.14 & id 15.
Heart
attack deaths lowered 51% for higher dose; it
prevents aspirin resistance,
and. For unstable angina, a 236% reduction in
death, cardiac event 52% meta-study;
previous MI 2 studies by 44%. Method by artery infection.
“Reduction of stroke & death of 25% to 42% using
900 to 1300 mg aspirin daily” AHA.
Statins block aspirin. As a powerful antioxidant ASA protect
fibrinogen from oxidation a key clotting factor, thus thereby reducing the risk
of/extent of a clot forming during a MI or other ischemic event, at 1998.
ASA stops atherosclerosis summary.
Metabolic
syndrome is a family of conditions causal
for MI that results from the high carbohydrate with sugars western diet,
see CVD. An experiment in fructose fed
rats that were after 6 weeks given aspirin at an equivalent to our 975 mgs. Aspirin
reversed all of the signs of
metabolic syndrome : hypertension,
promoted vascular remodeling, reverse insulin resistance, and prevention of
oxidative stress which is causal for endothelial dysfunction, at
2008, 2001 for mechanism.
Pulmonary
embolism following high-risk
surgery, 6%
versus 15.4% placebo--p 231, similar with
1,200 mg, and,
and 3
gm.
Rheumatoid
arthritis (RA) an autoimmune disease causes inflammation
and joint
pain. Merck Manual 1987, p. 960,
recommends a dose “from 3 to 7.5 gm, the average 4.5 gm” for RA. Goodman
& Gilman supra, aspirin is “the
gold standard”
for RA. As anti-inflammatory drug slows
the auto immune attack, reduces pain, at
while also lowering
the risk for CDV.
Osteoarthritis (OA) a
degenerative joint disease involving degradation of joints including articular cartilage and subchondral bone, for which aspirin
promotes healing & relieves pain, and “is the drug of choice” Merck supra
973. “Aspirin can inhibit osteoclast
differentiation and bone resorption activity in a dose-dependent manner, thus
exerting its anti-osteoporosis effect” at 2013, also,
and, and. ASA has positive effect on bone remodeling.
Longevity: A series of experiments have shown
that
aspirin extends median life in C. elegans by
25%--not maximum lifespan. Several
mechanisms have been uncovered and published in numerous journal articles: 1)
effect on inulin like signal through transcription factors
DAF16/FOXO genes, 2) increases catalase and SOD transcripts, and 3) acetylating
about 20% of mitochondrial proteins, and slightly less non-mitochondrial
protein. Median extension also was found
in mice. By using the flat worm gains
from neuro and MI protection are not
present—YouTube, 35
min.
NOTES: bleeds stomach &
stroke: the typical response of a physician or nurse
to a GI bleed is to blame aspirin and ignore other medications. The lifetime
risk of an ulcer goes from 2% to
4% with a daily dose of 1000 mg. The
stomach and intestine lining are protected by a mucus membrane. The Helicobacter
pylori bacteria
causes 80% of GI ulcers
by boring under the mucus membrane. This
permits the stomach’s hydrochloric acid (HCl), digestive bile and drugs
to irritate the lining. However,
digestive bile excreted into the duodenum is basic and neutralize hydrochloric
acid and aspirin. There are four times as many ulcers in the duodenum
than the stomach, thus aspirin is minor causal factor. At 5
years a 22%
increase for 325 mg aspirin (169 ulcers aspirin vs. 138 placebo). The rarer
risk of hemorrhage stroke is offset “[net] reduction of [stroke] 25% to 42% using 900 to 1300 mg aspirin daily” AHA. Tums is best
antacid; avoid PPIs,
Anticoagulant drugs Warfarin (Coumadin),
Plavix,
and other have a much higher risk of serious bleeding episodes. Warfarin
accounts for an estimated
33,000 hospital admission for hemorrhaging.
Standard treatment for arrhythmia (fibrillation) includes an
anticoagulant for life, but the vast majority of cases the risk rewards don’t
justify the use (the risk of bleeding increases over the years). And there are
other side effects, including
large red blotches under the skin. Journal
articles down-play bleeding by counting 2
or more pints of blood. Except for
Warfarin there is no antidote for bleeding, thus pharma’s prescription choice
causes far more deaths. Greater
protection comes from aspirin the Cochrane
Review, and the AHA
agreed. Aspirin
in the medicinal dose of 325-975 mg
is a healthier and safer choice.
For pain and inflammation:
By Pharma exaggerating
the risks and ignoring
benefits, physicians believe there are better alternatives for pain such as Celebrex, a blockbuster
which triples MI risk—band in EU & Canada.
Pharma 30 years ago dropped the dosage to the less effective 325 mg
thereby causing users to switch to heavily advertised alternatives Advil,
Tylenol, and Aleve. The once standard 1,000 mgs to start and 500
mg is dose comparable to Advil & Alive.
Studies justify the higher
dose of 900-1,300
mg. Enteric coated takes over an
hour to dissolve, thus not for prompt relief, and variable
absorption rate. There is no advantage from adding an
NSAID to an opioid analgesic, except for inflammation.
Aspirin (salicylic acid)[1] is natural: These
benefits occur because
aspirin (salicylic acid) has evolved salubrious biological functions. Plants
make salicylic acid to fight infects
and so do mammals including humans—see,
and. Given the complex of mammals’ biological
systems, like with so many other hormones and simple compounds, mammals have
evolved multiple functions for salicylic acid.
Because it is found in many of the plants we eat as part of their immune
system, mammals evolved similar functions for salicylic acid; it is thus quite
safe.
Recommendation: For all
NSAID uses. For minor
pain & anti-inflammatory 975
mg (the old standard)
to start, than as needed to 4 gm daily. Enteric
coated has delayed action and should not be used for acute pain. For arthritis,
2.5 to grams per day (see Merck Manual 1992 and before); for protection from
cancer 325 mg; for cancer treatment 1,300 mg daily. For arrhythmia risk of
blood clot, 650 mg daily. For heart burn
use Tums a source of calcium--protein pump (PPI) inhibitors the worst choice. Avoid pharma’s anticoagulants, 975 mg aspirin
daily, best choice. Atherosclerosis is caused by infection in artery walls is
reduced by aspirin,
thus prevention MI, stroke, and hypertension.
Prevention is through
anti-inflammatory effect of 325 mg with meals. From 92 to 95 I was prescribed
2.5 grams for
chronic back pain involving muscle spasms.
A daily 15 minute abdomen strengthening routine cured this disability. Having read that aspirin prevents colon
cancer in Science News, I
decided to continue taking aspirin.
Subsequent research, starting in 2004 with posting the website
healthfully.org, convinced me that I was doing the right taking 325-650 mg uncoated
daily for risk reductions listed above, and I don’t get heart burn, ever.
[1]
Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) is readily converted (hydrolyzed) in the stomach
to salicylic acid, and in this form is bio-active.
